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What
is Dengue Fever?
Dengue Fever is an acute viral disease
which is transmitted through mosquito bites. Symptoms
include high fever for three to five days, severe headache,
muscle and joint pain, eye pain, nausea, vomiting and
skin rash. Minor bleeding, such as gum and nose bleeding,
may occur at any time during the febrile phase.
What
is Japanese B Encephalitis?
Japanese B Encephalitis is a mosquito-borne
disease caused by the Japanese Encephalitis virus. The
virus is transmitted by the bites of infected mosquitoes.
It is a rare disease in Hong Kong with about 0 to 2
cases reported each year. Japanese B Encephalitis is
not directly transmitted from person to person. The
incubation period of Japanese B Encephalitis is about
5-15 days. Mild infections may occur without apparent
symptoms other than fever with headache. More severe
infection is marked by quick onset of headache, high
fever, neck stiffness, impaired mental state, coma,
tremors, occasional convulsions (especially in infants)
and paralysis.
How
to prevent?
Japanese B Encephalitis is now controlled primarily
by vaccination. For initial immunization, usually two
doses are administered at an interval of 1 to 2 weeks.
Yet, there is no effective vaccine against Dengue Fever.
As both Dengue virus and Japanese Encephalitis virus
are transmitted to humans through mosquito bites, the
most effective measure is to prevent the breeding of
mosquitoes. Ways include eliminating pockets of stagnant
water that serve as mosquito breeding sites at home,
at schools, workplaces and their vicinity, and avoiding
mosquito bites. Other measures include:
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Put
all used cans and bottles into dustbins with cover |
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Change
water for plants at least once a week, leaving no
water in the saucers underneath flower pots |
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Cover
tightly all water containers, wells and water storage
tanks |
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Keep all drains free from choke |
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Top
up all defective ground surfaces to prevent the
accumulation of stagnant water |
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Wear
long-sleeved clothes and long trousers |
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Use
insect repellent over the exposed parts of the body |
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Use
mosquito screens or nets when the room is not air-conditioned |
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Apply
household pesticide to kill adult mosquito with
a dosage according to the label instructions |
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Place
mosquito coil or electric mosquito mat/liquid near
possible entrance, such as window, to prevent mosquito
bites |
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Anthrax
is an acute infectious disease caused by the spore-forming
bacterium Bacillus anthracis. It mainly affects animals.
Though it can also infect human, an infected person
usually cannot pass on the disease to other people.
Anthrax is very rare in Hong Kong where only 1 case
has been reported in the past 10 years.
There are 3 main types of anthrax, depending on the
route of entry into the patient:
Cutaneous anthrax:
The incubation period is about 7 days. Skin infection
begins with a raised itchy bump that resembles an insect
bite but soon develops into a vesicle and then a painless
ulcer, with a characteristic black necrotic centre.
Lymph glands in the adjacent area may swell.
Inhalation
anthrax:
The incubation period is within 1 to 6 days. Initial
symptoms may resemble a common cold, such as fever,
headache and vomiting. Condition will deteriorate several
days later. The patient may suffer from breathing difficulty,
high fever with sweating or even shock.
Intestinal
anthrax:
The incubation period is within 3 to 5 days. Initial
symptoms include diarrhea, nausea, vomiting and fever,
which resemble an inflammation of intestinal tract.
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Book
exit row, bulkhead or aisle seats to get more leg
room |
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Wear
loose-fitting clothes and avoid knee-length stockings
that constrict blood circulation |
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Avoid
alcohol and caffeine, which contribute to dehydration
during long-haul flights. |
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Walk
up and down the aisle periodically |
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Massage
feet, ankles, lower legs and knees |
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While
seated, exercise calf muscles by clenching your
toes |
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| a. |
False:
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Soup
ingredients have no nutritional value after
boiling. Just drink the soup and discard the
ingredients. |
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True:
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Most
of the nutrients remains in the ingredients,
not the soup. Consume the soup as well as
the ingredients for best result. |
| b.
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False:
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The
nutritional value of frozen meat is not as
good as fresh meat. |
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True:
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Modern
method for freezing meat maintains the nutritional
value of meat. |
| c.
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False:
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Vitamin
supplement, tonic food, health drinks and
refreshment essence promote physical health. |
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True:
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Over-consumption
of these products can be harmful to the body. |
| d. |
False:
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Skipping
breakfast is a way to lose weight and keep
fit. |
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True:
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Breakfast
is a daily nutritional source. It can also
make you concentrate and perform better at
work. A combination of at least three meals
a day including breakfast, lunch and dinner,
and an appropriate level of physical activities
is the key to weight-keeping. |
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| a. |
If
insomnia is only temporary, it can be resolved by
methods other than taking medicine, such as:
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Maintain regular daily routines, especially
in relation to sleep. |
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Take
regular exercise to relax your body and mind.
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Don't
go to bed with a full or empty stomach. Avoid
caffeine-containing drinks, such as coffee,
tea, or cola etc. |
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Improve your sleeping environment, it must
be quiet, comfortable, with suitable lighting
and good ventilation. Use light and soft blankets
and quilts that will not weigh down your body.
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Relax
yourself and control your emotion. Don't allow
depression or anger to bother you, as these
emotions may trigger muscle tension and excessive
brain activities, causing difficulty in falling
asleep. Don't be overwhelmed by the fear of
insomnia and don't force yourself to sleep.
Listen to soothing music, or talk to family
members may help you to reduce your worries.
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Take
a warm bath or drink a glass of warm milk
or vegetable soup before bedtime. |
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| b. |
If
insomnia persists, do not take over-the-counter
sleeping pills. Instead, consult your doctor, and
he will prescribe the right kind of medicine to
suit your physical and mental condition.
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| 1. |
Wash your hands |
| 2. |
Tilt your head backward, look upward, and gently
pull down your lower eyelid to form a sack. |
| 3. |
Apply the eye drops to the lower eyelid from the
side of eye corner. Never allow the applicator to
come into contact with your eyeball or eyelid, as
this may injure your eye and contaminate the applicator. |
| 4. |
Close your eyes (but do not rub them with your hands),
and at the same time blink several times. |
| 5. |
If you need to apply two kinds of medicine at the
same time, separate them by a few minutes. |
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| 1. |
Calcium supplement: Spasm is usually caused by the
lack of calcium. The more you have dairy products,
fish, seaweed and the like, the less chance you
would suffer from spasm. |
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Avoidance of downward hanging soles (paralleled
with the bed): Downward hanging soles may lead to
spasm of calf. Support the soles with a pillow so
that they can remain in a usual posture. |
| 3. |
Stretching exercise and massage: Before going to
bed, do some stretching exercise on the parts where
spasm easily occur, or compresses the areas with
a hot towel and massage mildly. |
| 4. |
When suffer from spasm, try to pull your toes from
your body to ease the pain. |
| 5. |
Keep warm: Put on more clothes to keep your body
warm and avoid exposure of the calves when sleeping. |
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| Avoidance: |
Walk under the roof or shaded area during daytime.
Don't forget to draw the curtains if your seat is
next to a window, as UV can still go through the
glass and enter into the room. |
| Block: |
Sunscreens
with SPF15 to SPF20 would be the most suitable because
this factor range can help avoid 90-95% of the UV.
Sunscreens with a high SPF may block the pores.
Besides, you should put on the sunscreen 30 minutes
before you get out to the sun. In addition to the
face, other exposed parts like hands, lips and neck
should not be overlooked too. |
| Cover: |
Using
an umbrella, wearing long-sleeve clothes and pants,
a hat with at least a 3-inch brim all around and
sun-glasses would help minimize the direct impacts
of UV to our skin. |
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Taking sauna bath is good
to health in general. This is because it can enhance metabolism
as well as lowering the chance of suffering from heart
attacks. However, it is not recommended for people with
heart diseases to take a sauna bath since the high temperature
will impose extra pressure to the heart. Hence, it may
lead to an attack if the heart cannot afford it. |
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Dip
food only in boiling water, especially after topping
up with unboiled water |
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Shellfish
should be cooked in boiling water for not less than
5 minutes |
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Use 2 sets of chopsticks and eating utensils to
handle raw and cooked food separately to avoid cross
contamination |
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Wash
food such as shellfish, meat and vegetables thoroughly.
Remove internal organs from the shellfish |
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Avoid
dipping cooked food into raw egg, as pathogens contained
in the egg may contaminate the cooked food |
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It
is important to maintain a balanced diet. Eat more vegetables
than meat, select lean meat, and use an appropriate
cooking method in order to reduce your fat intake. Avoid
deep-frying when cooking as well as putting oil when
seasoning the meat. Use steaming, stewing, baking, boiling,
and other methods rather than frying. The use of microwave
ovens and frying pans also helps reduce the amount of
oil used.
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*The above information
is for reference only.
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